The Plan For Eradicating Homelessness - 1203 Words

In addition to the creation of greater housing services, funding dedicated to eradicating homelessness in Seattle should go towards increasing the availability and accessibility of supportive services such as substance abuse and mental health programs. In 2005, The Committee to End Homelessness in King County (CEHKC) began its implementation of â€Å"A Roof Over Every Bed in King County: Our Community s Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness. This plan outlined strategies to end and prevent homelessness with a focus on increasing permanent housing (Ryan, 2015). While many individuals have been housed, there are still long wait lists and the number of people on the streets has actually increased in the Seattle area since 2005 (Ryan, 2015). Mayor Ed†¦show more content†¦Not including transitional housing and homeless shelters, a total of 4,505 were found to have inadequate housing and were living on the streets of King County (â€Å"Street Count Results,† 2016). This is a 1 9% increase from the previous year. In the 2015 Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) report, King County was found to have the third largest homeless population in the United States (Henry, Shivji, Sousa, Cohen, 2015). There are many things contributing to homelessness including unaffordable housing, untreated addiction and mental illness, unemployment and poverty. Mental illness and substance abuse are major contributing factors to unemployment and homelessness. Supportive Services to Eradicate Homelessness All new housing developments should have a clear and accessible link to supportive services, such as mental health and substance abuse programs, in order to prevent future homelessness. This concept is often referred to as the Housing First model, which is an approach that centers around providing stable housing to individuals before providing supportive services (â€Å"What is Housing First,† 2006). Substance abuse is often an obstacle in mental health recovery and the ability to maintain stable housing. It is estimated that approximately 50–70% of homeless individuals with severe mental illness also abuse substances (Padgett, Stanhope, Henwood, Stefancic, 2011). Padgett et al. (2011) compared the Housing First approach to the Treatment First approach

Relationship Between Social Institutions And Economic...

Despite numerous literature on comparing development policies in East Asia and Latin America, the existing literature mainly focuses on the government’s role in the nation’s economic growth (e.g., Haggard and Cheng 1987; Krugman 1994; Birdsall and Jaspersen, 1997; Todaro and Smith2003). There is a lack of research in the effect of social institutions on economic performance in these two regions. The main proposition of this research is an analytical focus on the relationship between social institutions and economic growth by comparing countries from East Asia and Latin America. The reason for comparing East Asia to Latin America’s social institutions is since the East Asian economic development experience is relevant for developing†¦show more content†¦Moreover, there are three elements that contribute to the positive interrelation between the state and firms: an effective state structure, strong business organizations, and the existence of threats to the interests of the business sector or the state (Maxfield and Schneider 1997). Governmental measures have been crucial in the introduction and diffusion of imported technology (Hosono and Saavedra-Rivano 1998). The state was capable of linking technology policies with the overall developmental strategy, and selective acquisition of foreign technologies with the building up of indigenous technological capabilities (Bustelo 1996). Moreover, the state contributed to the adaption and dissemination of modern technologies by establishing public research institutions. Governmental interventions in promoting human capital formation like education and increasing research and development (RD) expenditures were also instrumental in the fast economic growth of East Asian countries (Hosono and Saavedra-Rivano1998). As such, this research seeks to find what role social institutions play in the outcome of technological capabilities and human capital, since these are critical factors to economic growth. North (1990) defined institutions as the following: â€Å"Institutions are the rules of game in a society, or more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction.† Institutions consist of both formal

Suboxone Neuron and Post-synaptic Potentials Free Essays

Suboxone Biological Psychology Suboxone | Addiction psychology has made a great impact on the field of biological psychology, especially when it comes to subjects such as | |psycho-pharmacology. The abuse of prescription pain medicine has risen to an estimated 9 million in America alone who take the medication for | |non-medical reasons. The psychology field has had a new revolution in addiction control called Suboxone. We will write a custom essay sample on Suboxone: Neuron and Post-synaptic Potentials or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order for psychiatric doctors or other| |doctors to prescribe this medicine they are required to complete a training course on the substance. Rapidly replacing Methadone, a more | |traditional detox and maintenance drug used for many years, Suboxone seems to have many treatment advantages over it. | |Buprenophine | |Buprenophine, the chemical compound found in Suboxone has stated that it is suitable for people who still have social ties to their families and | |employers whereas Methadone is suited best for those who need additional structure in their treatment with more supervision. While it is nearly | |impossible to overdose on Suboxone due to its ceiling effect, Methadone is easily abused as it is a full-agonist opiate. Another advantage that | |Suboxone has over Methadone is it readability. Where patients must go to Methadone clinics for dosing, doctors can prescribe Suboxone for a month | |at a time, allowing patients to detox and maintain their treatment. Buprenophine is available in two pill forms, one without Naloxone-called | |Subutex, or one with Naloxone-called Suboxone. Naloxone is a well known opiate antagonist, that when injected, causes instant withdraw in the | |patient. Putting this ingredient as an additive with Buprenophine keeps the drug from being abused. Buprenophine is usually prescribed for just a | |few weeks, but some patients may need maintenance doses depending on their opiate usage and/or dependency. In order to better understand the way | |Suboxone and other opiates work within the central nervous system individuals should understand post-synaptic potentials, synaptic ransmission, the| |receptors that produce and regulate behavior (including abusing opiates), as well as understanding and knowing the primary neurotransmitters and | |their role in brain function and behavior. | |Excitatory and Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potentials | |The role of excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials is summed up by NCBI Bookshelf (n. d. ; | |â€Å"Postsynaptic conductance changes and the potential changes that accompany them alter the pro bability that an action potential will be produced in | |the postsynaptic cell. Post-synaptic Potentials decrease the probability that the post synaptic cell will generate an action potential. PSPs are | |called excitatory (or EPSPs) if they increase the likelihood of a postsynaptic action potential occurring, and inhibitory (or IPSPs) if they | |decrease this likelihood. Given that most neurons receive inputs from both excitatory and inhibitory synapses, it is important to understand more | |precisely the mechanisms that determine whether a particular synapse excites or inhibits its postsynaptic partner. â€Å" | |Synaptic Transmission and Receptors Producing and Regulating Behavior | |Neurons communicate through synaptic transmission. The synapse can be found as a tiny gap found in the middle of the axon terminal and the neuron | |next to it. Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that are located in synaptic vesicles are responsible for delivering messages across the | |synapse and bind to the receptor sites. When a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds to the receptor it then continues to activate or inhibit the | |neuron until the deactivation occurs. A method of deactivation is called re-uptake, allowing the neurotransmitter molecules to be delivered back to| |the presynaptic neuron. Various drugs, including opiates such as hydrocodone or methadone function as agonists because they increase the activity | |of the neurotransmitter while others such as Naloxone act as antagonists decreasing the activity of the neurotransmitter. | |Primary Neurotransmitters | |The three major neurons located in the nervous system are the sensory, motor, and inter-neurons. Sensory neurons are responsible to input messages | |from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain. Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs. | |Interneurons perform connective or associative functions within the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord are called the central nervous system | |while all neurons that connect the CNS to the muscles, glands, and sensory receptors are located in the peripheral nervous system. In this regard, | |the PNS is divided into two systems:the somatic nervous system that includes sensory and motor neurons, and the autonomic nervous system required to| |regulate glands as well as other involuntary functions such as circulation, breathing, and digestion. The autonomic nervous system consists of two | |branches as well. The sympathetic branch activates or arouses bodily organs while the parasympathetic branch does the complete opposite. Most | |nerves enter and leave the CNS via the spinal cord. | | | How to cite Suboxone: Neuron and Post-synaptic Potentials, Papers

Industry Production Essay Example For Students

Industry Production Essay Industry ProductionThe structure of industrial production and the service industries ischaracterized by the prevalence of smarkforce, 30% beingll and medium-sizedcompanies (94% and 5.6% according to 100 workers) thoug981 data), employing,however, only 70% of the workforce, 30% being monopolized by large c ompanies(more than 100 workers) though these comprise only 0.4% of the total. This meansthat companies are widely dispersed over the whole country, obviously withsignificant location and concentration of industry, and more than half theindustrial comp anies operate at little more than workshop level, as is seen bythe small workforce in each production unit. On the other hand, the small number of large companies is explained by increasedconcentration, at that level also indicated by the high number of employees. There is only a limited number of cooperative companies (food sector and thetransformation of agricultural products), while large companies tend to becomemultinational. The presence of companies with foreign capital monopolizingspecific commodity secto rs (pharmaceuticals, photographic materials,electronics, cosmetics etc.) is far from rare. One particular kind of development regards medium-sized companies, frequentlyderivations of small family-run businesses with a specialized production, whichas a result of management flexibility have succeeded in reconverting productionand using technol ogical innovations which, with increased competitivity, enablethem to penetrate international markets, in this way contributing to theconsolidation of the Italian image and presence throughout the world. The Industrial SectorsThe steel and metalworking industriesThe countrys economic revival in the immediate postwar period was essentiallysustained by development and expansion of the basic industries, particularly thesteel industry, itself conditioned by the importation of raw materials such asores, scrap iron and coal. Membership of ECSC enabled the Italian steel industry, which had installed theintegral processing cycle, to attain extremely high levels of production thussatisfying increasingly greater domestic demand, such as that of the engineeringindustry, as well as the export market. Following plant reconversion steel andmetal production is now stagnating due to the international economic situationdominated by strong competition from Japanese industries and plastics, leadingto overproduction in the principal European countries. The engineering industriesMechanical engineering production is extremely varied and includes companiessuch as shipbuilding, aerospace, carbuilding etc. with complex work cycles,together with the manufacturers of simple tools. Component manufacturing is alsowell developed and cl osely allied to companies producing durable goods noteasily classified in any one sector (for example, non-metallic materials used inthe car industry: rubber, glass, plastics etc). In practice, mechanical engineering with its diversification and multiplerelationships with other industries is considered the mainstay of the nationalproductive system also in terms of the large workforce employed (over 2,2million according to the 198 1 census, including small workshops). Apart fromcars and other vehicles, the most highly developed industries are tools,household appliances, electronic equipment, precision instruments etc. Theindustrial machinery sector is particularly active with ex tensive overseasmarkets, and includes components for complete process cycles. The chemical industryThe chemical industry is closely linked to mining and quarrying and usesprevalently liquid (oil) and gaseous hydrocarbons (methane) from which animmense range of materials is produced (rubber, plastics, synthetic resins,synthetic fibres, fertilizers et c.), apart from traditional utilization asheating fuel, engine fuel etc.). Like the steel industry, the chemical industry has been going through a criticalperiod due to over-production and problems related to modernization of plant. One serious additional condition is the need to resort to large-scaleimportation of raw materia ls for transformation, and consequent submission tofluctuating conditions on the international market. The textile industryTextiles are the oldest Italian industry, widespread throughout the formerStates on the peninsula and frequently linked to the rural community whichprovided plentiful low cost labour. In the postwar period, this sector faced aperiod of crisis caused pr imarily by the use of old machinery and inefficientworking methods, though also by competition by foreign producers, particularlyin developing countries which were already raw material suppliers (cotton, wool,jute etc.). In actual fact, the crisis in the textile industry has deeper roots in theprogressive decay of some traditional related activities, such as silkwormbreeding and the cultivation of hemp and flax. The utilization of artificialfibres derived from cellulos e, and later of synthetics derived fromhydrocarbons, together with renewal of production plant (mainly automated) andjob reorganization, has enabled far higher levels of productivity to be reached,offset by a considerable decrease in the workforce and concentration ofcompanies. For its raw material supplies (synthetic fibres) and the utilization of thefabrics produced, the textile sector is closely allied (also by verticalmergering of companies) to the chemical and garment manufacturing industries. The latter, in particular, i s still scattered over the country, in the form ofsmall firms. The food industryDevelopment of the food industry is a direct consequence of the expansion oflarge urban centres and progressive industrialization. Strictly allied to theprimary sector (agriculture and livestock) it makes considerable usenevertheless of imports, the re sult of insufficient national agricultural andlivestock production.Ascatteringofsmallartisan-typefirmsgenerallyorientedtowards meeting local demand is now flanked by numbers of medium-sized companiesoperating at a national level, using advanced systems of processing,conservation and packaging, themselves flanking the pasta, wine and oilproducers, and other traditional companies. The food conservation industry is ina special position, connected with agriculture, livestock and fisheries. Certain sectors of the economy such as wines, bakery products and confectionery,are particularly renowned abroad. A number of big multinationals monopolizesupplies and are thus in a position to influence market conditions, while massdistribution (super markets) is interdependent with certain food manufacturers,while frozen and vacuum packed foodstuffs have helped to extend seasonalconsumption, particularly of fresh fruit, vegetables and perishables. Here is a chart showing the dramatic changes in Industry. The Geological SubstratumEven if it is not very extensive,theItalian territory is distinguished by theconsiderable variety of its substratum rocks. The Alps are largely formed fromcrystalline rocks (granites, gneisses, mica-schists, porphyries, etc.) but thereare also sedimentary rocks (limestones, dolomites and sandstones) that arewidespread in the eastern sector and the pre-Alpine belt. Sedimentary rocks arealso prevalent throughout the Apennines (limestones, dolomites, sandstones,clays, marls, etc.), including Sicily, and are found in Sardinia too, wherecrystalline and volcanic rocks predominate. There latter (formed from ancientand recent lava and tufa) also appear in Sicily and along the peninsulasTyrrhenian margin (where there is a considerable concentration of volcanicphenomena, in part still active) as well as in the Alps. Finally, the flat areas,including the great Po-Venetian Plain, are basically formed of mixed depositsthat are mainly fluvial in origin (conglomerates, grav els, sands, clays). Thegreat variety of rock types characterizing the Italian framework is mainly theresult of a complex geological past, distinguished by marked environmentalalternations now marine, now continental as well as frequent changes inclimatic conditions. Furthermore, even if present mountain forms are consideredto be rather recent, Italy does contain extremely old rock formations. Some ofthe metamorphic outcrops in the Alpine arc and in the Sardinian-Corsican andCalabrian-Peloritan massifs were formed before the Palaeozoic era, that is morethan 600 million years ago, and therefore do not contain significant traces oforganisms. During the Palaeozic era (lasting from circa 570 to 230 million yearsago) the area now occupied by Italy was largely covered by a tropical sea(called Tethys by geologists) from which must have emerged some mountain folds,as those of the Caledonian period, begun some 500 million years ago and whosetraces remain in southwestern Sardinia (Iglesiente and Sulcis). The nextmountain building period, the Hercynian, occurred during the last 100 millionyears of the Palaeozoic era and was accompanied by considerable volcanicactivity. This provoked the formation of the original nucleus of the Alpinechain together with the emergence of the Calabrian-Peloritan mountains(Aspromonte and Sila in Calabria and Peloritan in Sicily) and the Sardinian-Corsican massif. The volcanic activity of this period also affected the Alpinearc (porphyry effusions in the Adige Valley), as well as in the northernApennines (Garfagnana and Apuan Alps) and Sardinia and Corsica. Following theHercynian orogenesis, the mountains formed by it were subject to intense erosion. Thus at the end of the Palaeozoic era there emerged from the waters of theTethys (the extensive oceanic basin separating the Euro-Asiatic continentalplate from the African) the remains of the palaeo-Alpine chain, part of thenorthern section of the peninsula probably connected with the Sardinian-Corsican massif, and, further south, the other great island fold of theCalabrian-Peloritan massif. During the course of the succeeding Mesozoic era,lasting for over 160 million years, almost all the present area of Italyremained covered by a large marine basin on whose bottom (which variedconsiderably in depth) was deposited on different occasions material of varioustypes. This was to produce, following a process of compaction and orogenesis,disparate rock formations: limestones, dolomites, sandstones, marls, etc. Inparticular, in the northeastern area there formed extensive coralline reefs fromwhich the present Dolomites are derived. Towards the end ot the Mesozoic era theprogressive moving together of the African and European continental platesreduced their common marine space and caused a folding of their respectivemargins and part of the bed of the Tethys. This was to produce the Alpine andApennine chains whose curvature reflects the anticlockwise movement of thecontact line between Europe and Africa produced by the particular forces oftheir respective plates. Their collision took place some 40 million years ago(between the Eocene and Oligocene periods) in the first-half of the Cenozoic era,which is considered to have lasted from circa 65 million to 2 million years ago. Al Gore: Presidential Candidate EssayThe coastlineThe complexity of the peninsulas relief is echoed in the diversity of itscoastal profile. Along the low and sandy Adriatic shores this is generallyrectilinear, with the exceptions of the bulge of the Po delta and of the tworocky promontories of the Conero and Gargano. The Ionian and Tyrrhenian shoresare very different, their extensive sandy curves, corresponding to the edges ofthe coastal plains, alternating with high rocky coasts or steep promontorieslike those of Piombino, Argentario, Circeo, the Sorrento Peninsula, etc. Thecoasts of Sicily and Sardinia present a similar morphological picture, thelatter having frequent rias or deep inlets resulting from the sinking of longstretches of the eastern coast. Climatic ConditionsDespite its geographical position at the centre of the temperate zone, Italy hasrather variable climatic characteristics. This is due to the presence of theMediterranean, whose warm waters mitigate thermal extremes, and the Alpine arc,which forms a barrier against the cold north winds. Furthermore, Italy issubject to both wet and moderate atmospheric currents from the Atlantic Oceanand dry and cold ones from eastern Europe. The Apennine chain too, confrontingthe wet winds from the Tyrrhenian, causes considerable climatic differencesbetween the opposite sides of the peninsula. The differences in temperaturebetween the winter and summer months are more marked in the northern regionsthan in the south and along the coasts. The mean temperatures for the month ofJanuary in the Po Plain fluctuate around zero, while in the Alpine valleys thethermometer can drop to -20 and snow can remain on the ground for many weeks. In the southern regions, instead, the mean temperatures for January remainaround 10, with the exception of the inland mountainous zones. Mean summertemperatures throughout all Italy rise to 24-25 for July, only being lower inthe highest zones. Rainfall distribution also varies considerably, due to theinfluence of both mountains and prevailing winds. The highest quantities areregistered in the Alpine arc (over 3,000 mm pa in the Lepontine and Julian Alps)and on the Apennines (over 3,000 mm pa in the Apuan Alps). The plains, however,including that of the Po, receive scarce precipitation. Generally it is lessthan 800-900 mm pa but in the southern regions (Tavoliere and southern Sicily)it falls below 600 mm pa. The great internal Alpine valleys and the coastalplains of the Tyrrhenian (Maremma) and Sardinia also receive little rain. Altogether, six large climatic regions can be distinguished, mainlycharacterized by mountain influence. 1) An Alpine region, strongly influenced byaltitude, with long cold winters and short cool summers having an elevated day-time temperature range; precipitation is more intense in the summer months,especially in the pre-Alpine belt. 2) A Po region, with continental conditions,consisting of cold and often snowy winters and warm and sultry summers;precipitation is greatest in the spring and autumn months; the climate becomesmilder, however, around the pre-Alpine lakes; fog is frequent, due to thewetness of the land. 3) An Adriatic region, whose sea has lit tle influence dueto the inability of its shallow waters to trap the summer heat; consequently theclimate has a continental character, with its winters being dominated by coldnorth-east winds (bora). 4) An Apennine region, also with continental tendenciesand cold snowy winters; precipitation is more intense on the Tyrrhenian slopesan d is abundant in all seasons apart from the summer. 5) A Ligurian-Tyrrhenianregion, with a maritime climate and heavy and frequent precipitation, which isless in the summer and distributed irregularly; the winters are cool and theannual temperature range narrow. 6) A Mediterranean region, also with a limitedannual temperature range; precipitation is frequent, especially in winter, andthe summers are hot and dry. The interior and mountain zones of the islands andCalabria also have an Apennine type climate due to the altitude. Inland WatersThe characteristics of the Italian water network are closely associated withmorphological and climatic conditions. There are only a few tens of watercourseslonger than 100 km, though the Po, which is also the longest of them all (652km) has a rainwater basin almost equal to a fourth of the national territory(74,970 sq km). Other important rivers are the Adige and Piave, descending fromthe Alps and flowing from the north into the Po, and the Arno and Tiber, flowingthrough central Italy into the Tyrrhenian. The other main tributaries of the Poare the Ticino, Adda and Oglio, arising in the Alps, the Tanaro, from theApennines, and the Reno too, though it has its mouth to the south of the Podelta. The rivers running down the Tyrrhenian slopes of the peninsula areusually longe than those of the Adriatic, because of the Apennine watershedbeing further to the east. The Italian waterways are little used for transportdue to their rather limited and variable flow. In fact the Alpin e rivers have acycle conditioned by the winter snow cover, being high in the summer and low inthe winter; while the pre-Alpine and northern Apennine source rivers are mainlyrain-fed and are only full in spring and autumn. Consequently, the cycle of thePo River is the most regular and therefore best suited to navigation. The otherrivers of the peninsula and islands are heavily influenced by climaticconditions, being full in winter and empty in summer. In the latter case it isnot unusual for the bed to remain completely dry, as in the case of the typicalfiumare in Calabria and Sicily. Italy is fairly well supplied with lakes, havingseveral thousand natural and artificial basins of different sizes and origins. The largest and deepest occupy the bottom of the great pre-Alpine valleys attheir junction with the Po Plain (from Lake Orta to Lake Garda, which is thelargest of all, while Lake Como is the deepest) and they were all excavated byPleistocene glaciers. Also along the Apennine spine there are fairly frequentlarge lakes, such as Trasimeno the remains of an older lake that together withothers occupied the bottom of the internal basins of the peninsula. The numeroussmall lakes scattered inside the spent craters of Latium and Campania arevolcanic in origin. The coastal plains of the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and largeislands contain basins that are sometimes extensive and derived from lagoons. Furthermore, the Italian Alpine slopes, above 2,800 m., contain about a thousandglaciers. Some of these are of a considerable size, such as the Miage Glacier,which is some 10 km long and descends the southern slope of Mont Blanc in ValledAosta. The glaciers are especially important for their function as waterreserves, providing as they do a constant supply for the Alpine rivers. Thecentral Apennines also have a small glacier, under the northern walls of theCorno Grande (Gran Sasso). Finally, Italys water system is completed by themany underground water bearing strata of the numerous limestone karst massifs inthe pre-Alps and Apennines. These produce springs bearing a considerable volume(as that of the Peschiera in Latium or the Sele in Campania, etc.). In addition,there are those reaching to varying depths under the Po Plain and the otheralluvial plains. The Italian SeasWith its extension from southern Europe towards Africa, the Italian peninsulaalmost divides the Mediterranean in two separate basins. Leaving aside theStrait of Messina, the shortest distance between Sicily and Africa (NE Tunisia)is circa 140 km, reduced to 70 km if it is measured from the island ofPantelleria. In this part of the sea (Channel of Sicily) the depth does notexceed 500 m. Furthermore, the eastern Mediterranean section, known as the Seaof Sicily and from which emerge the Maltese Islands, the Pelagian andPantelleria, rarely exceeds a depth of 1,500 m. Considerably deeper, on theother hand, is the Ionian Sea. This extends eastwards from Sicily and Calabriaand southwards from the Salentina Peninsula, touching on the 4,000 m isobath. Equally deep is the Tyrrhenian Sea, within the triangle formed by Corsica andSardinia, Sicily and the Italian peninsula. At its centre it often exceeds adepth of 3,500 m. A narrow channel (the Canale di Corsica) separates it, to thenorth, from the Ligurian Sea. This latter exceeds a depth of 2,000 m in itswestern section corresponding to the Riviera di Ponente. The shallowest of theItalian seas is the Adriatic, which up to the level of Ancona does not exceed 80m and only at Pescara does it decend below 200 m; off the coast of Puglia,however, it exceeds a depth of 1,200 m. Finally, in the area of the Strait ofOtranto the two shores of the Adriatic draw close together and here the Italianand Albanian coasts are only 75 km apart. As for the rest of the Mediterranean,the surface temperature of the Italian seas is on average rather high. In thenorthern Tyrrhenian, the Sea of Sicily, Ionian and southern Adriatic it is circa13; in the Ligurian Sea circa 12; in the southern Tyrrhenian circa 14; but inthe northern Adriatic, because of the shallowness of the waters, it drops to 9. The quality of the water is also rather elevated, reHistory

Autobiography Soul Surfer by Bethany Hamilton Essay Sample free essay sample

In the autobiography Soul Surfer by Bethany Hamilton three key thoughts I found interesting were resiliency. hope and bravery. Soul Surfer is an animating true narrative about a 13 twelvemonth old miss acquiring her arm bitten off by a shark. Bethany. from the age of two had a passion for surfing. when this event occurred the possibility of being able to trail her dream of being a professional surfboarder became â€Å"blurred† . The cardinal thoughts of resiliency. hope and bravery are portrayed throughout this text most significantly after this accident had occurred. An thought in the text that I find interesting is resiliency. Resilience is the ability to resile back from disputing state of affairss. Bethany Hamilton losing her arm caused this quality to be tested. Bethany demonstrates resiliency particularly when she had entered her first surfboarding competition after the onslaught. With the loss of one arm. this undertaking was ever traveling to be disputing. We will write a custom essay sample on Autobiography Soul Surfer by Bethany Hamilton Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Bethany is in â€Å"the impact zone† she gets knocked down from the force of the moving ridges. Like in existent life. the determination to â€Å"get back up† is a presentation of resiliency. To surfers the â€Å"impact zone† is when the surfboarder receives the worst whipping after† pass overing out† or â€Å"paddling out† . This is where the moving ridges break most systematically and fiercely. In life. the â€Å"impact zone† is where you are forced to resile back after traveling through a unsmooth period in life or a hard state of affairs. Bethany inspires resiliency in others when she visits a 7 twelvemonth old male child in 2009. This male child lost his arm in a auto accident and believed he could neer play baseball once more. Bethany actuating this male child to non give up shows us her presentation of resiliency is an illustration to follow by others. I find this thought interesting because it is really relevant to every twenty-four hours life. Resilience is a quality required in many state of affairss. Possessing it is a gift because it triggers your hibernating abilities such as concealed strengths. beliefs and assurance. We all have learnt one manner or another that â€Å"life doesn’t acquire easier or more forgiving. we merely acquire stronger and more resilient. † This text encourages this quality to be practiced through all tough state of af fairss. Another thought that I find interesting in the autobiography Soul Surfer by Bethany Hamilton is bravery. Courage is get the better ofing fright and making what scares you. Often we neer know when we are being brave. this text shows Bethany’s journey to going brave. Courage is shown most significantly in the text when Bethany chose to go to Thailand to help in the clean up procedure of the Tsunami. Bethany. when she arrived. stood on the border of the beach watching the sea inquiring why â€Å"everyone was so panicky of the H2O. † She watched a group of kids sitting on the sand without anyone to look after them. Bethany realises all of those kids are orphans as a consequence of the Tsunami. Sarah. the counsel council member of the trip to Thailand. walks over to Bethany while she is experiencing disquieted that these kids have no household. Sarah inspires Bethany to have a different â€Å"perspective† and to gain â€Å"compassion can drive us to have alternate pe rspectives† . From this advice. Bethany starts to experience blessed that she has survived and still has household. Bethany so inspires all the kids to travel and hold a swim to confront their frights. Other citizens in Thailand watched and clapped to back up Bethany giving these kids the bravery to confront their frights. I found this thought interesting because it takes a batch of bravery to set your ain state of affairs on clasp to gain others are in worse state of affairss than yourself. Bethany making this proved to me that she was â€Å"showing bravery by making something out of the ordinary to better her life. † This thought is relevant to society because unless people have courage to confront their frights and to acquire back up after neglecting. we wouldn’t have the resources we are supplied with today. 12. 000 people were saved in Thailand because of the voluntaries. such as Bethany. who helped feed hungering people and rebuild places. These voluntaries showed bravery that had driven back their frights. and it has allowed them to truly unrecorded life the manner it is meant to be lived. Soul Surfer is a text that motivates people of all ages to seek new thin gs even if it scares them ; it shows us that bravery can take to get the better ofing hard state of affairss which everyone brushs at some point in their lives. Another thought I found interesting in the text Soul Surfer by Bethany Hamilton is hope. Hope is cognizing and strongly believing that though one is in a hard state of affairs. things will better. This is exemplified in the text when Bethany competes in the Hawaiian Island subjects. Her presence entirely gives hope and motive to others to win. Bethany. in the last minute of the competition scores a â€Å"9. 7† on a moving ridge which required her to merely necessitate another â€Å"9† to win the national event. Although the Siren goes off to stop the competition after Bethany has surfed a brilliant moving ridge she â€Å"won in everybody else’s eyes. † Her protagonists realise â€Å"if you lose hope. somehow you lose the verve that keeps life traveling. You lose courage to be that quality that helps you keep forcing on in malice of everything. † I found this thought interesting because like resiliency and bravery hope is needed to non give up on yourself. This universe would be a much different topographic point if everyone thought the ends they had set in life were excessively hard. they wouldn’t believe in themselves to accomplish them. It is a relevant thought to life as â€Å"hope will ever be the route map to life. It will be 1s guide to the way of success and felicity. † Hope is required in many state of affairss. Hope was required in Bethany’s state of affairs and it allowed her to believe she could surf once more. Without this hope. Bethany would neer hold been able to â€Å"embrace more people than she would hold with two weaponries. † In decision the autobiography Soul Surfer by Bethany Hamilton has many thoughts that I find interesting. These thoughts are resiliency. bravery and hope. Soul Surfer is an animating true narrative of a miss crushing the odds and neer giving up. I have learnt that through resiliency we can hold bravery to neer give up on our ends. Hope is required along the journey to believe you will accomplish these ends. We need to gain that â€Å"being knocked down† is portion of life and if â€Å"we can demo people we are strong plenty to acquire back up† success and felicity will follow.

Mohandus Karamchand Gandhi essays

Mohandus Karamchand Gandhi essays Mohandus Karamchand Gandhi Mohandus Karamchand Gandhi was a major figure in Indian history. He was best known for his policy of passive resistance and civil disobedience against unjust laws set by the British government. He inspired other nonviolent movements notably the U.S. civil right movement of the 1950s and 1960s lead by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Encarta 98). Gandhi was highly influential, some say responsible, for Indias gain of independence and the abolishment of untouchability, the lowest rank under the caste system. Gandhi was born to a middle-class Indian family in 1869 and married at the age of thirteen to Kasturbai Makanji. He began to study law at the University of London in 1888 and as he completed his studies and prepared to return home for India in 1891 he had doubts about his future (Sherrow 34). He lacked the knowledge of Indian law as well as the social connections needed for a successful career. He had never set foot inside an Indian courtroom in his life. He attempted to set up a law practice but had little success. Two years later an Indian firm with assets in South Africa held him as a legal advisor at its office in Durban. While in Durban, Gandhi was treated as a member of an inferior race. He was offended and horrified at the denial of rights and liberties to Indian immigrants. He joined the struggle for elementary rights for Indians. He stood in South Africa for 20 years. He was imprisoned many times. Gandhi began to teach a policy of passive resistance to South African authorities after being attacked and beaten by white South Africans. In 1899 the trouble that had been brewing between the British and the Boers escalated into war (Sherrow 47). Gandhi sided with the Boers in what was known as the Boer war but set up a British ambulance service called the Indian Ambulance Corps. According to Gandhis sense of justice, if you wanted the rights...

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud Research Paper - 9

The Continuum from Legitimacy to Fraud - Research Paper Example This essay demonstrates that the suitability of an accounting policy under the requirements of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) draws a line on the continuum that distinguishes legitimate earnings management from fictitious accounting transactions. The process of determination of whether or when earnings management dealings do cross the line is essentially difficult to ascertain legitimacy to fraud, especially in certain situations on financial transactions. Legitimate earnings management in an entity translates to quality in earnings but with no reference to whether there has been a fair presentation of the financial statements that are convenient to the generally accepted accounting principles. Auditors’ roles with regard to quality of the entity’s earnings are important though their responsibilities are spelled out in detection and reporting of fraud. Auditors need to address their judgments about quality and the acceptability of the entity’s pr inciples of accounting and all the financial estimates that underlie the statements. Auditors should always inform the committee on the audit on the unacceptability approach at the end of the accounting period so as to improve the overall effectiveness of the corporate body on audit committees. The communication between the auditors and the committee on the audit is seen as an avenue for enhancing clear understanding of the quality of earnings and all the issues related to it hence improving the level of financial reporting. ... ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦42 4.0 Question #4 Overview: Ethical Considerations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..45 4.1 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦46 4.2 Corporate mechanisms to avoid fraudulent Earnings Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.50 4.3 Board oversight†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.51 4.4 External Audit and internal Audit reporting to Audit committee of Board†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..52 4.5 Whistleblower procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.52 4.6 Code of conduct and ethics of Financial Officers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.53 4.7 Philosophical Stance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.54 4.8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..55 Question #1 Overview —Theoretical and Conceptual Knowledge Introduction (Overview) Earnings management entails an extensive range of illegitimate and legitimate actions undertaken by companies and business organizations’ management s, affecting the entire legal entities’ overall earnings. In understanding this phenomenon of earnings management, it’s important to have a wide overview of the legitimate managerial activities carried out in an entity and the fraudulent reporting that is spearheaded by accountants and the entire management of an organization. The management of earnings leans on the credibility of financial information which is adversely affected by legal or illegal undertakings. All managerial activities within an organization have various implications and potential effects on earnings management.

Bacterial transmission Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Bacterial transmission - Thesis Example Respiratory bacteria are mainly dispersed in the air through droplets of saliva and mucous produced when one coughs, sneezes, talks or laughs (Shrutz, 2003). According to Rutala et al. (2006), the microbes, which are freely present in the the air, can in most cases be evident on computer keyboards. In this case, their source is likely to be from human contagion. According to Ellis (2006), German researchers evaluated the ability of transmittable organisms to thrive on non-living surfaces. They realized that bacteria that are gram-positive can thrive on dry surfaces for a long time, with the inclusion of vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as Streptococcus pyogenes. The study further indicated that bacteria that are gram-negative bacteria thrive longer than the gram-positive ones. Kramer et al. (2006) stated that, a lot of the nosocomial pathogens could survive on surfaces for months. Further, with respect to the hospital environment, nasocomial pathogens are found to mainly infect the contact areas of hands (Ellis, 2006). These act as the medium for cross-transmission. This clearly shows the introduction of a constant transmission source if no standard measures for disinfection are taken. 1.1. Statement of the problem ... Be it in hospitals or any other public or private facility, the computer keyboard is being used every day to efficiently make service delivery more effective. Keyboards have been proven by researchers to be suitable fomites for bacteria to growth and thrive (Bergstrom, 2012; Hartman, 2004). This is due to the high level of contact increasing contamination, as well as their environment supporting the growth and development of the microbes. According to Anderson and Palombo (2009), research from Swisburne University technology in Australia showed that keyboards used by many people tend to be more contaminated by bacteria than personal ones. Furthermore, research by the University of Arizona as cited in Miller et al (2010) stated that an average PC has 400 times more bacteria than the average toilet seat. This clearly shows how keyboards used in hospitals require measures to counter the effects of the pathogens via strategic and sustainable 1.1. Background information This survey assess ed the presence of nosocomial pathogens and their resistance to drugs. Numerous studies recent past have been initiated with regard to the role played by the healthcare environment in the transmission of diseases (Kramer et al, 2006). A cause behind the transmission has been attributed to the inanimate surfaces that have been clearly described as definitive sources for outbreaks of nosocomial infections (Kramer et al, 2006). According to Rutala et al (2006), Enterococcus species are among the various bacteria that have been proven to be found in the healthcare environment. It has been considered less probable for a patient to contract a Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) directly from an inanimate

Morals vs. Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Morals vs. Ethics - Essay Example The morality conundrum gains importance with each passing day since environmental decision making has gained its due share within the midst of things. The comparison of morality with ethics must not come in the way of the environmental decision making since this is something that could be solved if both moral and ethical domains are kept in close check of one another. However the argument stems from the fact that morals and ethics are distinguished against one another, which in essence means that there are ambiguities for all and sundry, in the long run. The environmental decision making thus becomes a non-issue in the fight of survival for morality and ethics. The interesting debate of morals vs. ethics is helpful as far as degrading the environment and its pertinent decisions are concerned. The reason for the same is that morality is a much cherished priority for the people and hence following the dictum within the environmental decision making scenarios becomes an even more desired proposition. The environmental decision making is hard to make – for the fact that there are judgments drawn every now and so often, alternatives found on each and every pathway, both short term and long term decisions studied in depth and thus a clear cut approach is manifested by the people who matter the most within the environmental decision making processes. The contrasting mannerisms related with morals and ethics in the discussion of the environmental decision making processes brings to light the notion of ‘doing it right’ and that too on a proactive and consistent basis. (Brewer & Stern, 2005) What this does is to document a clear cut beginning for the steps that will indeed be taken within the environmental folds and which will ultimately prove to be significant in the long run. More than anything else, it is the fight of morality and ethics that bring a bad taste in the mouth as far as

Integrating Leadership into Professional Practice

Integrating Leadership into Professional Practice Every organization requires good leadership to ensure successful team building (Marquis Huston, 2003) and effective management of the organization (Perra, 2000) as well as personal fulfillment. In the past, health care system was a bureaucratic organization that was locked by hierarchical models type management (Thyer, 2003). However, due to advanced in technology, information and communication; changes in politics, demographic, social economics status and patients expectation toward health care system, traditional task- orientated, routine and habitual nursing management style no longer able to meet the evolving health care system. Therefore, it is crucial for current health care worker especially nurses to integrate leadership in health care management to meet the needs of contemporary professional nursing practice and consumers requirement and expectation (Sofarelli Brown, 1998). As senior medical assistant with 10 years working experiences. Currently I am practicing at a hospital based orthopeadic department in Northern Hospital. Our unit comprises four units, orthopeadic wards, Trauma operating theater, Orthopeadic clinic, Rehabilitation unit and emergency observation room. In fact, through our professional background, as a health worker, we are well trained for the decision making skill to deal with immediate patient care, such as dislocation, polytrauma, polyfracture, fat embolism, compartment syndrome and etc. Leaders have, for the most part, been concerned with orientating the profession to focus upon developing nursing practice (Salvage, 1989). As a senior Medical assistant other than giving services to the client who came to hospital to seek the treatment , I also assign to manage newly qualify staff nurses and medical assistants to makes sure that all the job done by them is following Standard Operating Procedures and helping them to get their opport unity to upgrade their knowledge. These are our new government policy and know as monitoring internship programme. According to Chua (2006) newly graduated nurses are now required to undergo a one year practical before they can earn their Annual Practice Certificate and this is part of the efforts to arrest the decline in nursing standards in public hospitals as health centers. This paper discussed about leadership quality in my organization when mentoring newly qualified staff nurses and medical assistants. As mention by Charnley (1999) the transition from student to staff nurse has always been seen as a challenging and stressful time in the working life of a nurse. In my view to lead and contributes to the development of an organization and provides professional leadership to the practice nursing team, we must have good knowledge, attitude, skills and capability. As a mentor I have to facilitate personal and professional development through identifying gaps in knowledge and skills, encouraging reflection and providing structure feedback to enable the newly qualified nurses develop and expand their practice with safety and confidence and improve standards of care. According to Clancy (2004) although employers can influence the quality of patient care, it is the qualities of individual nurses which have a more direct effect on the way patients are looked af ter. There are numerous texts providing definitions of leadership. Marquis and Huston (2003) defined leadership as a process of empowering beliefs, moving, persuading and influencing others toward a goal mostly without any force or threat. According to Yulk (1998) leadership is commonly defined as a process of influence in which the leader influences others toward goal achievement. Meanwhile Cohen (2004) stated leadership is the best tactic that one can use to motivate others and renew interest in others in attaining goals that are for the good of all. There are three style of leadership which are autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire, as cited in Kelly-Heidenthal (2003). Autocratic leadership involves centralized decision making, with the leader making decisions and using power to command and control others. Democratic leadership is participatory, with authority delegated to others. The third style, laisser-faire leadership, is passive and permissive and the leader differs decision making. These approaches are still apparent today (Carvey, 1999), and can be used interchangeably to response to various situations. (Marquis Huston, 2000). The autocratic style can be seen as high power tactics over the group leaving very little for others to actively become involved with process changes or improvements. (Mintzberg, 1979) this style is use when the leader tells her subordinates what she want to be done and how she want it done, without getting the advice of her followers. Subordinates behavior is closely controlled through such means as punishment, reward, arbitrary rules and task orientation. According to Fieder (1967) the autocratic leadership style is based on the assumption that the leader knows everything and what is best for their organization. Subordinates cannot be trusted to do what is right for the organization. Because of this, autocratic leadership usually leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. The democratic method of leadership style is seen as the most productive within a group setting because this offers chances for their group to become one in decision making with the leader identifying individual strengths or weakness and guides the group with motivating questions and suggestions. However, the leader maintains the final decision-making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness; rather it is a sign of strength that your subordinates will respect. According to (Kelly, 2003) the democratic leadership style encourages subordinates participant and professional growth and promotes greater job satisfaction and improved morale. The laissez-faire style allows the subordinates to make the decision. This French phase means leave it be and is used to describe a leader who leaves her colleagues to get on with their work ( Kumar, 2006). It can be effective if the leader monitors what is being achieved and communicates this feed back to her team regularly. However, the leader is still responsible for decisions that are made. This is used when subordinates are able to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. According to Daft Marcic (2001) unfortunately, the laissez-faire leadership style can also refer to situations where managers are not exerting sufficient control. Mentoring the mentorship programmed had given me the opportunity to use several of leadership style to lead the newly qualified staffs to achieve their goal and to enhance the quality of the patient care. Continuous Professional Development activities definitely improved knowledge and skill to assist newly qualified staffs in patients health education effectively, to encourage the newly qualified staffs to attend Continuous Professional Development program I use the democratic leadership style. The democratic leadership style encourages each individual to give suggestion and new ideas, and let them to decide whice the activities in Continuous Professional Development they want to attend, each individual feel valued and motivated. I also practice the autocratic style of leadership but on rare occasions especially in maintaining the Standard Operating Procedure. I will guide and coach them to develop their skills and gives them motivation to influence productivity and will provide the good quality of care to the patients. The current type of leadership is transactional leadership. Transactional leadership categorized as traditional leadership which concernig day-to-day operation in unchanged organizational system (Marquis Huston, 2003; Lindholm et al., 2000). Transactional leader represent by efficient managers that focus at on hand task, solve immediate problems, communicate clear expectation to their staff and give reward to good performance (Tatum et al., 2003). In transformational leadership, leaders and followers are able to raise each other to higher levels of morality, motivation and productivity (Marquis Huston, 2003; Lindholm et al., 2000; Spitzer- Lehmann, 1994). Transformational leader value organizational culture (Marquis Huston, 2003).Therefore, effective communication is crucial for leader and follower to share the goals and culture of the organization (Marquis Huston, 2003). The transformational leadership is the preferred model to manage todays complex and rapid ever changing healthcare environment. Transformational leadership is an empowering leadership style and one which is highly suited to the profession of nursing. Burn (1978) as cited in Kelly-Heidenthal (2003), described a transformational leader as one who empowers others. Empowerment is the process by which we facilitate the participation of others on decision-making and power sharing. Graetz, et al. (2006) described empowerment as redistribution of decision-making to involve employee or worker participation. By educating and motivating staff to practice transformational leadership, eventually the team will mature and create strong team building and high performing working culture. Hence increase health care service standard and promote cost effectiveness for the organization (Thyer, 2003). A leadership style that is empowering nurse in decision-making enable nursing practices to shift from traditional boundaries to new and effective practices. This is because health care professionals are continuing facing great challenges in dealing with patients with complicated problems. This means that nurses and nursing leaders have to be good decision-makers. However, many nursing leaders in Malaysia are adopting the hierarchal models of leadership styles which limit nurse empowerment in decision-making. This model makes it difficult for nurses to gain confidence in decision-making and skills in assertiveness and negotiations, hence prefer to adopt a submissive approach towards those who control the organizations. What is the difference between leadership and management? It is a question that has been asked more than once and also been answered in many different ways. The huge difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate the personal who work with them. Kotter (1990) describes the differences between leadership and management in following way, Leadership is about creating change and management is about controlling complexity in an effort to bring order and consistency. Stated by Bennis Nanus (1985) managers are people who do things right and the leaders are people who do the right things. Management is defined as the action to plan, organize, direct and control staff (Marriner-Tomey, 1996). According to Allen (1998) a leader used specific skills to inspire the work of others, all leaders are not necessarily managers and all managers are not necessarily leaders, however, to be an effective manager, one must have strong leadership quality and personality. A leader is differe nt from being a manager from the following categories their point of views, actions, goals, motivation and the extent of their authority (Fieder, 1967). According to Swansburg (1996) skill of both managers and leaders are needed for successful operation of any organization. It would easy, if indeed possible, for an organization to achieve their goals if a manager did not know how to lead as well as manage. According to Grohar (1992), newly qualified nurses have found mentoring to be a useful tool for career development especially at the beginning of their career and specific defining moments such as a change of work roll. Mentoring has been accepted as a guiding of inexperienced subordinates but not at all monitoring result in the growth of the mentee. According to Hanna (1999) the young leader will learn a lot on her own and not be spoon-fed to gain knowledge from someone past experiences. This topic has attempted to broaden the understanding of the subject of leadership in nursing and to develop the theme that leadership to bridge some of gap between theory and practice in nursing, the development of the leadership, the application of leadership skills is up to us. It can only be gained through actual experience and experimentation. Actualizing goals in todays health care arena requires nurse managers to be excellent change agents and role models. Effective leadership in nursing requires skills that are both taught and practically learnt Burns (1978). According to Fielder (1967) the leadership theory a nurse choose should reflect her ideals and be one she can most effectively use. Nurses who assume leadership and management roles need to be creative thinkers, in their work demand and have to oversee that everyone else is fulfilling their duties and the patient care is of the best. In my view a good management and leadership skills are very important in this current increasing awareness of organization to meet their demands and provide excellent nursing care practices. A good leader will be able to implement effective leadership which will help to achieve unit goal by involvement by unit staffs. (2006 words)

World War I and the Domestic Casualty of the Industrial Workers of the World :: World History Workers Work Essays

World War I and the Domestic Casualty of the Industrial Workers of the World The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) worked in the early 20th century to organize all labor to collectively strive for the interests of labor and in order to create a more democratic society, in spite of possible resistance from the interests of capital and the repercussions that were to occur in reaction to organizing (Bird et al 1). Although, in a mostly defunct form, it still exists today as an international labor union, the height of the labor movement occurred towards the mid-late 1910’s, with the practical demise of its influence occurring during the time in which the United States entered into the First World War (Bird et al 4). Persecution and physical harassment by the federal government, the exercising of the force of legal rational authority by state governments, cultural hostility toward the IWW, and internal quarrels of leadership and indecision in the IWW were the key factors that lead to the downfall of the Wobblies. The burden placed on common workers at the turn of the century, whether in industry or agriculture, was great. A mass of surplus labor at this time, literally â€Å"millions of laborers†, (Bird et al 3) had created a situation in which the private owners of the means of production could exercise a great deal of economic power over individual workers. While jobs were relatively few, unemployed job seekers and drifters were many. Thus, using the capitalist values of the marketplace, the market value of the commodity of labor was generally very low, and the workers, each individually powerless against the strength of employers, were, when fortunate enough to land a job, given subsistence level wages while oft working under very hazardous work conditions. While owners were securing what is perhaps the greatest interest of capital, profit, workers were coerced by the situations of reality to sell their labor to merely attempt to survive. Under the desperate drive of many hungry stomachs and desolate lives, workers saw a need to organize, giving rise to labor several labor movements. One of the most prominent and perhaps most radical and revolutionary of the movements was the IWW. The Wobblies, as they would become more commonly known, were officially formed on June 27, 1905. (Bird et al 2) The IWW was founded in the aftermath

A conflict of interest Essay

A conflict of interest is defined as a conflict between the professional or personal interests and needs of a health care provider and his or her professional responsibilities toward a patient or other consumer (financial gain based on a particular outcome or use of one drug rather than another). (Partners Healthcare states that â€Å"A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgment or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest.† Our textbook defines a conflict of interest as â€Å"when someone has multiple obligations that demand loyalty, and decisions based on these loyalties are different or in conflict† (Page 180) Partners Healthcare has an array of examples of conflicts of interest. Some being 1- â€Å"Receiving consulting fees from a company while performing clinical research on the company’s technology.† 2- â€Å"Accepting a gift from a vendor† and 3- â€Å"Participating in institutional purchasing decisions about products made by a company in which you hold stock.† — This presents a conflict that is always unacceptable. In order to minimize conflicts of interest in managed care the dual interests present in the relationships among MCOs, members and physicians has to first be acknowledged. This awareness permits avoiding or minimizing them. An ombudsman or consumer relations specialist can assist members can decrease conflicts of interest by assisting members and deal with their concerns. (Page 181) The role of a manager are expected to expectations: to focus on the welfare of those receiving care; maintain professional competence; maintain professional posture, holding paramount the interests of facility and residents; and meet the responsibilities to the public, profession, and colleagues. Managers must be aware and take steps to prevent or minimize potential or actual conflicts of interest. This could be through developing and maintaining high ethical standards in the profession, including searching out those who knowingly engage in conflicts of interest and educating those ignorant of them.

Development Theories after Second World War

Development Theories after Second World War Introduction Economic growth is a narrow concept that involves an increase in the nation’s output observed using the increment in resources. On the contrary, economic development encompasses the normative aspect of growth. This aspect involves the measurement of people’s morality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Development Theories after Second World War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Todaro and Smith, economic development is the increase that a given society realizes in terms of living standards, self-esteem and freedom from oppression (67). In order to measure development, economists have come up with the human development index that captures all sectors of the society. Unlike the economic growth, development takes into consideration the informal sectors of the economy. Many people have tried to explain the level of economic development that a country or society can undergo. Different people including Keynes put original theories of development forward and they were applied in the economic growth and development up to World War II. The theories originated from the classical school of thought. In their argument, they postulated that economic development occurs due to investments in capital and labor. Capital can be used to generate resources used in economic development. Stages of Growth Model of Rostow Immediately after the Second World War, the world was filled with cold war experienced n the 1950s and 1960s. In the course of this period, Rostow’s stage of growth model was uncovered. The model that was put forward by the American economic historian Walt Rostow postulated that the transition that an economy undergoes from underdevelopment to development occurs in phases. The phases of development as described by Rostow range from the traditional society, pre-condition to take off, take off, the drive to maturity and the probably the phase of high mass cons umption. This theory further argues that countries perceived and ranked as developed have undergone all stages successfully to their current phase in which they consume products massively (Potter 86). Harrod-Domar Model This theory postulates that capital goods wear out in the course of their use and have to be replaced savings. The summarized from of the model indicates that the rate at which an economy grows is determined by two factors that are the rate of savings in the economy and the capital-output ratio of a country.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main findings of this model are that in order for an economy to grow and attain the level of development, the country must invest in its physical capital using funds from savings. Consequently, the rate of growth and development could be measured by the level of savings and investment in physical capital in th e country. Despite the contributions of this theory to understanding development, it has been criticized that increased savings and investment in capital for development are necessary conditions for development, but not sufficient reasons. Based on this criticism, other theories have been developed (Eicher 51). The Lewis Theory This theory was first put forward in the mid 1950s but was later modified to become the Two-Sector model. The theory divides the economy into two sectors that are the subsistence rural sector and the urban sector. The rural sector is characterized by high supply of labor while the urban sector is characterized by surplus of capital. Productivity occurs through the interaction of capital and labor, hence the production function. The theory postulates that a country can realize development through increased investment in physical capital found in urban areas while the surplus labor is transferred from the rural sector to work in the urban sectors. In spite of i ts contributions, the theory assumes zero marginal productivity in the agricultural sector with the acquired revenue being re-invested in the urban sector, which is not proved by empirical evidence (Allen and Thomas 121). The Solow Growth Model There is a close link between economic growth and development as sustainable economic growth results into economic development. Despite the contribution that the classical and traditional theories of development contributed to the discipline, modern theories put forward some interesting revelations. One of the modern theories of development is the Solow Growth model. This theory has included changes in technology into the model of growth and development. Therefore, it postulates that development is a factor of capital, labor and technological advances (North 210).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Development Theories after Second World War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Acco rding to Potter, the Solow model incorporates the importance of knowledge and technology into the model of development (109). Therefore, the production function assumes constant returns to scale. It can be deduced from the model that long-term growth of an economy requires application of knowledge and technology and not only labor and capital. From this survey, it is evident that the theories of development have changed over time beginning from the Second World War. While earlier theories only considered capital and labor, neo-classical development theories factored in technology in the achievement of economic growth and development. In addition, earlier theories insisted in investment in physical capital using savings as major factors for development. However, later theories have emphasized the importance of investing in knowledge and technology apart from capital as necessary and sufficient development conditions. Allen, Tim and Thomas, Allan. Poverty and Development into the 21s t century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. Print. Eicher, Staatz. International Agricultural Development. 3rd edn. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1998. Print. North, Douglas. Structure and Change in Economic History. London: W.W Norton Company. 1981. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Potter, Robert, et al. Geographies of Development, An introduction to Developments Stuides. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson, Prentice Hall. 2008. Print. Todaro, Michael and Smith, Stephen. Economic Development. 10th edn. Addison-Wesley. 2009. Print.

Word Choice Exhort vs. Extort - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Exhort vs. Extort - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Exhort vs. Extort â€Å"Exhort† and â€Å"extort† are both verbs (i.e., action words) and similarly spelled, but neither is a word often used on a daily basis. This makes it easy to confuse them if you’re not careful. But these terms also have very different meanings, so using the wrong one in your written work would be unfortunate. To make sure this doesn’t happen, keep the following in mind. Exhort (Encourage or Urge) If you â€Å"exhort† someone to do something, you’re encouraging or urging them to follow a particular course of action. For instance, as proofreaders, we might say: Typos can look very bad to recruiters, so we exhort you to proofread your resume carefully! A passionate attempt to persuade someone in this way is known as an â€Å"exhortation.† Extort (Obtain via Force or Threats) To â€Å"extort† something is to obtain it via force, coercion, intimidation or threats. For example, we might say that a school bully â€Å"extorts† lunch money from the other children. Extortion is the slippery slope that leads from bullying to organized crime. The adjectival form of this word (i.e., used to describe actions or people that obtain something via force) is â€Å"extortive.† We’d use this term in a sentence like the following: The school bully’s extortive behavior meant she was given detention. The term â€Å"extort† is most commonly used in relation to â€Å"extortion,† which is the crime of using force or threats to extract money from a person or business. Thus, we might say that a gangster or corrupt official has â€Å"extorted† money from his or her victims. Exhort or Extort? As you can see, there’s a big difference between â€Å"exhorting† someone to do something, which implies offering advice, and â€Å"extorting† something, which implies threatening someone. Although extortion could involve exhorting someone to hand over their wallet, if you want to get technical. If you’re still not sure which term is which, it can help to think that â€Å"extortion† is â€Å"extracting† money from someone, and that both of these start with the letters â€Å"ext.† Remember: Exhort = Passionately advise or urge something Extort = Gain something using threats or intimidation

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Religion - Essay Example However, science is yet to make a clear definition of the ultimate reality. Religion however has attempted to find answers leading to ultimate reality. In According to Cobb, he characterizes God as â€Å"Emptiness† because he considers God to be a being â€Å"without limits.† Cobb’s idea of ultimate reality is that all the other property has limits, but in the case of God there are no limitations because God has no nature or properties and allows other beings to exist. Avicenna’s view on ‘ultimate reality’ is based on â€Å"The Nature of God.† In relation to this, he has two points of view. The first one Is about ‘contingent beings’ whose property is having been caused by the existence of another being. The second is about a ‘necessary being’ â€Å"does not need to be caused by any power for its existence. This being has no beginning and is in existence from the creation of the universe. Ultimate reality According to Avicenna is that God is a necessary being who is perfect and complete and cannot change because the properties of a necessary being are eternal. This means that according to God’s nature, it cannot be created nor destroyed. ‘Ultimate Reality’ is based on a dualistic ontology (Buddhists) which holds the view that a Non- being’ is as essential as being because both being and non- being are two incompatible states of reality. Therefore, ‘ultimate reality’ can have neither properties nor nature and that is what God is. Since God is considered as the ‘ultimate reality’ and the basis or foundation for all other beings, God does not possess any properties. God is in a totally new dimension altogether â€Å"himself† and is beyond dualism and properties. In relation to ‘ultimate reality’ Cobb says that Christianity tries to make an understanding of â€Å"rightness† and try to cultivate habits from worse to the

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion Question - Assignment Example d in the GE official website, â€Å"during his 20 years of leadership in this position, Welch increased the value of the company from $13 billion to several hundred billion†¦ In 1999, Fortune named him the "Manager of the Century," and the Financial Times recently named him one of the three most admired business leaders in the world today† (General Electric Company (GE), 2012, pars. 1 & 7). As GE’s products and services have been reported to encompass various industries and customers worldwide (appliances, aviation, consumer electronics, electrical distribution, energy, health care, lighting, to name a few) (General Electric Company (GE0, 2012), the traits, style and characteristics exuded by Jack Welch made him effective in this organization. In one’s current role at work, the most relevant elements of that style that could be incorporated is the ability to discern which particular style would be applicable to the current situation or setting and to the particular personalities of the subordinates. As emphasized by Martires and Fule (2004), â€Å"the application of any one style depends on the situation† (p. 161). As exemplified by Welch, his leadership style could be very autocratic and at the same time be democratic depending on the needs of the organization. His ability to discern which style to apply made him most effective and enabled the tra nsformation of the organization to heights which have not been achieved prior to his leadership. Williger, D. (2007, November 3). A Number Of Famous Leaders And Their Different Leadership Styles. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from

Karla Homolka English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Karla Homolka English - Research Paper Example With both of them participating in the murders, the role of Karla Homolka in the crimes was figured out vaguely, as there were differences of opinion regarding her contribution to those murders. This paper will chronicle her life starting from her early years, her marriage to Paul Benardo, rape and murder of the girls, finishing with the investigation, conviction and her eventual release. Early life Karla Homolka was born to Dorothy and Karel Homolka in 1970 as the eldest of three daughters in the Canadian town of Port Credit, Ontario. She went to Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School and even while going to the school, Karla worked as a part-time employee at a local pet shop. She graduated in the year 1988, and got employment as a veterinary assistant in Thorold Veterinary Clinic in Ontario. She did a similar job at the Mardinale Animal Clinic as well. â€Å"Karla developed a passion for animals and after high school she went to work at a veterinary clinic† (Montaldo). Thus, when one focuses on Karla’s early life, it appears that she lived a normal life, without exhibiting any negative or even psychotic tendencies. However, it all started to change when he married Paul Bernado. Marriage to Paul Bernado Karla as part of her job attended a pet convention in Toronto in the spring of 1987. During that visit, Karla, just 17 at that time, met 23-year-old Paul Bernardo in a â€Å"suburban hotel restaurant outside of Toronto and she fell for Paul, immediately.† (biography.com). They had sex on their first meeting and as their relationship started to develop, they â€Å"discovered that they shared the same sado-masochistic desires,† (Montaldo). Because of this ‘extremity’ in their relationship, Paul assumed the role of a ‘master’, with Karla willingly assuming the role of a ‘slave’, who has no problems in fulfilling her husband’s extreme fantasies. One of these extreme ‘fantasies’ o nly leads to their first murder - the murder of Karla’s own younger sister, Tammy Homolka. Rape and the murders Three years into their relationship, Paul starts to become obsessed with Tammy and to abuse her, he gets Karla’s help. One of Paul's constant complaints with Karla was that she was not a ‘virgin’ when they met and so she becomes ‘devoted’ to pleasing Paul in every way possible. (Montaldo). Using this weakness of Karla, Paul openly expressed his feelings for Tammy, and also convinces Karla to aid him in raping her. â€Å"It was, therefore, from his point of view, her responsibility to make it possible for Paul to take the virginity of†¦Tammy without her knowledge or consent.† (Bardsley). Karla wrongly accepts this flawed logic, and decides to make or force Tammy into being a sort of ‘surrogate virgin’ for her. In their first attempt in July 1990, Karla serves Tammy, a spaghetti dinner mixed with heavy doses of Valium, which was stolen from her workplace. â€Å"Bernardo rapes Tammy for about a minute before she starts to wake up† and so they temporarily abandon their plan then, waiting for another opportunity. ("Key events in the Bernardo/Homolka case"). Then, six months before their marriage, at a Christmas party at Karla parent’s house, Karla first mixes sedative Halcyon in the alcoholic drinks of Tammy. After the party was over and family members retired, the husband and wife duo took Tammy to the basement, with Karla holding a cloth soaked with Halothane over Tammy's mouth. (Becker, 2005). There, Paul with Karla

Drug Abuse Essay Example for Free

Drug Abuse Essay An estimated 12. 8 million Americans, about 6 percent of the household population aged twelve and older, use illegal drugs on a current basis (www. ncjrs. gov). Over the years the abuse of psychoactive drugs has become a persistent issue effecting individuals worldwide. Psychoactive Drugs are substances that change a person’s mood, perception, mental functioning and behavior (Understanding Psychology pg 142). These drugs are often ingested to alter an individuals feelings or to help them cope with their problems. However the â€Å"high† that they receive does not remain long, resulting in the continuous use of the drug to remain feeling that â€Å"high†. Nevertheless the ongoing abuse of these drugs may lead to these individuals developing a tolerance for the drug. This results to the individual becoming dependant upon the drug. This dependence is known as addiction. Nicotine, â€Å"Crack† Cocaine and Alcohol, are the most dangerous and addictive psychoactive drugs. Other commonly abused drugs are Amphetamines, Prescription Medication, Heroin, Ecstasy, and Marijuana. In the movie Rain substance abuse was seen numerous of times. Rain’s mother, and her best friend all showed signs of substance abuse or dependency. The movie showed how Drug abuse and addiction affects the society at large. However once a person becomes addicted there are ways to help them so that they can recover and be productive in society. Before I discuss the various ways to help a substance abuse recover, I will elaborate on how the addict harms themselves, as well as their families and the society.

macbeth :: essays research papers

Developing (or dynamic) character. A character who during the course of a story undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of his/her personality or outlook. Static character. A character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as s/he was at the beginning. Lady Macbeth "They met me in the day of success: and I have learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge" (1.5.1-3). Lady Macbeth is reading the letter in which Macbeth tells of his meeting with the witches. After she has read the letter, Lady Macbeth is determined that she will make the witches' prophecy come true. She prepares herself to work her husband into a murderous state of mind. She also gets hereself into a murderous state of mind, crying out, "Come, you spirits / That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, / And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full / Of direst cruelty!" (1.5.40-43) When Macbeth arrives, she advises him to put on an innocent face in front of the King and to leave the rest to her. [Scene Summary] See, see, our honour'd hostess!" (1.6.10). Thus King Duncan greets Lady Macbeth at the gates of Macbeth's castle. In a display of consummate hypocrisy, Lady Macbeth gives a warm welcome to the man she is planning to murder. [Scene Summary] While King Duncan is having supper in Macbeth's castle, Macbeth steps out to think about the plan to kill the King. When Lady Macbeth finds Macbeth, she exclaims, "He has almost supp'd: why have you left the chamber?" (1.7.29). Then, in order to keep Macbeth committed to the murder plan, she verbally assaults his courage and manhood. This is the scene in which she brags that if she had made a vow to do a murder, she would follow through. Even if it were her own baby, she "would, while it was smiling in my face, / Have pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums, / And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you / Have done to this" (1.7.56-59). In a few minutes, Macbeth sees things her way. [Scene Summary] Banquo tells Macbeth that the King has been very pleased with the hospitality shown to him, and that "This diamond he greets your wife withal, / By the name of most kind hostess" (2.1.15-16).

The Game (Football Personal Experience Paper) :: essays research papers

The Game   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The game had been a strenuous battle from the very second that the whistle blew. In every play each one of us had put forth all of the effort and energy that we contained. Now, with only seconds left remaining in the forth quarter we trailed 14 to 17. Yet, hope still remained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a fumble recovery, my team was awarded the ball at the 50 yard line. The time left on the clock allowed us for one more play to win the game. Looking around at the players in the huddle not only did I see the fatigue that resulted from the game but I also saw that each one of them had determination to win. I called out the play and sent my fellow warriors to give it one last shot. As we approached the line of scrimmage the crowd grew deafening. They had cheered us on throughout the frigid temperatures of the night and now that the game was nearing an end they revealed to us that they too still had faith. Staring down our opponents, we lined up in our stances. Like dragons smoke, each breath taken would be revealed in the numbing cold. The clock had already restarted and began counting down to zero. As I prepared myself to receive the ball from the center the crowd became dead silent. Knowing that time ran short I began my cadence. â€Å"EVEN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦READY-SET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.HUT.† As the ball snapped into my hands, the crowd exploded with all the players as if they were connected by some unnatural force. I flew back into my pass drop and looked to my receivers. The opponent covering the receiver to my left prevented any hope of him getting open. Then, as I looked to my right, I saw that my other receiver broke free of the defensive man and was heading down the field. I directed the ball towards the end zone knowing that the pass must be perfect for a completion. As the ball sailed off my fingertips a 270 pound lineman pummeled me to the ground.

Successful and unsuccessful organizations

The success rate of a business organization is determined by the level of satisfaction it has being able and is still capable of rendering to those who patronize its services or products. It also9 depend on the level of trust the clients or buyers have for the service or product from the organization. This will form the bases whether they will continue to patronize the organization. The quality services and product has always being the reckoning force for successful business organizations.Thus, most successful business organizations have adopted the Total Quality Management (TQM) as a tool for the expansion of their success rate and also curving an edge for themselves over their counterparts in contemporary business world. Total quality is about bringing about a fundamental culture change within an organization. The foundation of the new culture has to be faith- that there is a better way of doing things, and that we are really fully committed to it.According to KPMG (2005), â€Å"T otal quality means adopting a customer- oriented business strategy. † This write- up tends to be base on Hilton International as a case stu7dy. Here, the organization operations in the past, present will be studied to see whether it will be successful or not in the next five years to come. HILTON INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION Hilton International organization is a name to be reckoned with when it comes to hostel industry world over.It has spread its tentacles to developing programmes such as esprit and Hilton University used in training its manpower. The organization is a Multi- International Corporation. Hilton International (HI) owns the right to the Hilton brand name throughout the world, with the exception of the USA, where the Hilton brand is owned and managed by Hilton Hotels Corporation (HHC). The Hilton International operates 403 hotels, with some 261 branded Hilton and 142 under the mid- market Scandic brand.The Hilton International and the North American Hilton Hotel Co rporation has a global alliance which extends the number of hotels operated by both companies worldwide to over 2,700- over 500 of which are branded Hilton. Also, both organizations share responsibility for the Conrad brand which includes 17 hotels in 12 countries (national business awards, 2005). Hilton International started its operation in hotel business in postwar cities, with its modest services of offering a clean environment, air- conditioned respite and a cheeseburger.The Hilton hotels were designed for political impact during this time. The hotels were seen as â€Å"little America†, where businessmen and tourists in Europe and the Middle East could retreat from the disturbingly alien into the comfortable services provided by the Hilton hotels. These same features lent the Hilton a utopian aura, for the economically exhausted local population where a space of luxury and promise which realized permanently and prominently, the new and powerful presence of the United Sta tes (Wharton, 2001)The Hilton International built 16 luxury hotels abroad between 1953 and 1966. â€Å"All were planned according to the Hilton programme and styled as ‘corporate modern’- the same form that distinguished the American embassies and consulates proliferating in the period† (ibid). The Hilton was the first significant modern structure, introducing a striking visual contrast to the vernacular fabrics of places such as Istanbul, Cairo, Athens and Jerusalem. The new architecture impact was amplified by the hotel’s unprecedented siting and scale.As already stated, the ideological base of the creation of Hilton International was not only for profit maximization, but also for political considerations. According to Conrad Hilton, â€Å"Hilton International Hotels were constructed not only to earn Hilton shareholders a profit, but also to make a political impact on host countries; an integral part of my dream was to show the countries most exposed to communism the other side of the coin†¦. the fruits of the free world† (ibid). Hence, the American government had assisted the corporation in no small measure in expanding its base internationally.The capital for the construction of the earlier Hiltons was commonly provided not by the corporation itself, but by institutions in the host countries, with occasional subsidies from the American Economic Co-operation Administration with the support of the US Department of state. Hilton envisioned a global peace where universal capitalism reign. The consistent modernity of the original Hiltons has made it lost its authority and bears no utopian meaning. This has to do with the remodeling of Hilton International in order to make it remain fashionable.THE ORGANIZATION’S STRATEGY AND PRESENT STANDING. The Hilton international is recognized presently as the world best known hotel. It triumphed at the prestigious UK National Business Awards for a second year by winning the cov eted ‘Broad-system Customer Focus Award 2005’. Previous year the organization won the Best Marketing Strategy Award. (National business awards, 2005). The Hilton International has operated a business strategy that makes its customers to have the best quality of service. The organization embrace a creative marketing agency, campaign works.This has supported Hilton’s new brand strategy. The strategy first embraced industry and customer research. Innovation Hubs were set up to turn lifestyle analysis and research into a contemporary hotel experience and conventional thinking was challenged which contributed to the creation of the new customer brand promise. The next phase saw the development of innovative internal and external marketi9ng tools that communicated and delivered the brand strategy throughout the organization and to the customer.The embraced strategy of Hilton International has led to its outstanding success with significant commercial returns. Hilton is now the number one hotel brand in every global market with higher guest satisfaction, improved team member satisfaction and increased financial perfo4rmance (ibid). The Hilton International is expanding its manpower knowledge through its Hilton University. Currently, there are 8000 team members, team leaders, departmental managers and general managers in 70 countries in the Hilton University.The university is recognized as a world standard for management development in the hospitality industry. It has a primary focus of a web- based delivery of core management and skill development with the goal of maintaining world-class customer service throughout the Hilton International organization. The Hilton International sees it as a challenge to increase and broaden the reach of the university to serve even more emp0loyees worldwide, to increase the sophistication of learning activities it offers and to more directly link learning and skills development with the company’s business r esults.The Sum Total learner management system is aimed at developing more in-depth, blended learning programs, incorporating employee competencies by job role and function, and aligning them with specific content and business goals. (elearnity. com, 2004) According to John Guthrie, head of International management development at Hilton International, ‘what sets Hilton apart is the immense pride we take in the standards of service we deliver to all our guests. Sum-Total will help us measure the effectiveness of certain training programs- for example in e-commerce and reservations – in increasing customer satisfaction†(ibid)In year 2000, Hilton International unveiled a plan to double the speed at which it opens hotels around the world. The shares of the organization enjoyed a massive 40 per cent rise since Hilton announced plans to expand Ladbrokes, into internet betting. The online betting becomes interesting to investors, even though its hotel business accounts f or more than two thirds of the group’s profits. (Lindsay City, 2000) The present crave for internet betting has made the organization take its turn in partaking in the business.Turnover of the Hilton in 2000 slipped to 4. 23 billion pounds from 4. 68 billion pounds, mostly as a result of selling off the Corals betting shop chain. The hotel division, bolstered by Stakis, saw profits rise from 181 million pounds to 264 million pounds. In year 2003, the Hilton International sees the increase in its revenue. Hilton reported a pretax profit before exceptional and goodwill for the first half, of 110. 5 million pounds, down from 130 million pounds the previous year.Hilton plans to open 17 new hotels in 2003, with most of them incorporating either management contracts or franchises, and will continue to open around 20 each year going forward. HILTON INTERNATIONAL POTENTIELS FOR SUCCESS OVER THE NEXT FIVE YEARS. The historical and present operations of the Hilton International have sh own that the organization strategy is a strong base for its success in years to come. Total Quality Management as a management tool is used by the organization to continue to win its customers’ patronage.The strategy sees that customers are given the best standard quality of services. This business strategy has made the Hilton International to win the UK National Business awards for 2004 and 2005. The Hilton Business strategy, as discussed earlier on, has a creative marketing agency, campaign works which help in supporting industry and customer research, innovative internal and external marketing tools that communicate and delivers brand strategy throughout the organization and to the customer. This is in practice in the organization.Also, the divers and expanding business operations of the Hilton International would make the organization to continue to succeed. Even, if one or more business unit of the Multi Corporation experiences a d own ebbs in its operational level, othe r chains and units that is successful would keep the organization going. As already discussed the Hilton International operates a university where its manpower are trained and equipped with the professional skill in delivering standard services to its customers.In this instance, the practice of Strategic Human Resource Management is put in place, where the workforce of the organization are integrated into the strategic operation of the corporation, in order to attain the organization’s objectives and long term goals. This practice tends to bring the achievement of best results, and thereby making the Hilton International organization to succeed over the next five years to come and more.